EU frameworkGDPRNIS 2DORAAI ActWhistleblowing
Article 15

Public disclosures

Directive on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law · UE 2019/1937

Public disclosures

1.   A person who makes a public disclosure shall qualify for protection under this Directive if any of the following conditions is fulfilled:

(a)

the person first reported internally and externally, or directly externally in accordance with Chapters II and III, but no appropriate action was taken in response to the report within the timeframe referred to in point (f) of Article 9(1) or point (d) of Article 11(2); or

(b)

the person has reasonable grounds to believe that:

(i)

the breach may constitute an imminent or manifest danger to the public interest, such as where there is an emergency situation or a risk of irreversible damage; or

(ii)

in the case of external reporting, there is a risk of retaliation or there is a low prospect of the breach being effectively addressed, due to the particular circumstances of the case, such as those where evidence may be concealed or destroyed or where an authority may be in collusion with the perpetrator of the breach or involved in the breach.

2.   This Article shall not apply to cases where a person directly discloses information to the press pursuant to specific national provisions establishing a system of protection relating to freedom of expression and information.

Luxembourg specificity
loi luxembourgeoise du 16 mai 2023 relative a la protection des lanceurs d'alerte

In Luxembourg, public disclosure remains a last resort governed by the same triple test, but the threshold for mandatory internal channels is 50 employees (no threshold for public bodies) and the cross-sector external authority is the Office des rapports de signalement (OFRS), supplemented by the CSSF, CNPD, ITM, CAA or ILR depending on the field. The Law of 16 May 2023 on the protection of whistleblowers attaches criminal penalties of EUR 1,250 to 25,000 (doubled on repeat offence) to obstruction of reporting and retaliation, on top of civil compensation for the whistleblower.

Luxgap practice: document the full internal and external timeline before any public disclosure, because proving your timely reaction within the OFRS deadlines is what closes Door 1 and neutralises the protection of a media leak.